Brzonkala Vs Crawford Morrison Free Essays

The case is between a first year recruit in Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Christy Brzonkala, and the separate Institute just as two individuals from the football crew; Antonio Morrison and James Crawford. The case reference is 132 F.3d 949 (fourth Cir. We will compose a custom exposition test on Brzonkala Vs Crawford Morrison or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now 1997). This implies it was held in 1997 June and an official conclusion was made on 23rd December 1997 (Leagle Incoporations, 2017). The occasions which happened in 1994 are credited to the case introduction. The offended party Christy Brzonkala blamed two individuals for Virginia Institute football crew Antonio Morrison and James Crawford of assault. As per a top to bottom case document in Justia, Christy claims that the two speculates assaulted her upon their gathering during a night. Christy was in the organization of her female companion. Morrison is additionally professed to have assaulted Christy when they were disregarded in Christy’s room in spite of her disapproving of his solicitation of having fornication with her. The two footballers over and over assaulted her without the utilization of assurance. Another allegation falls on the establishment with the offended party guaranteeing no move was made when she detailed the issue to the position. Preceding that, the assault had influenced Christy’s conduct to the point she was recommended antidepressants meds and she dropped out of school because of the injury she got. The attackers she guarantees likewise undermined her. Out of the two attackers, just one; Morrison was seen as liable after affirmation from his companion Crawford. Crawford was not charged. Issues The accompanying issue can be connected to the case: Regardless of whether it was reasonable for advise Christy later on not including past declarations in her announcement during the subsequent hearing. Regardless of whether the school was inclining toward one side to ensure its name; permitting Morrison access to first hearing tape yet denying Christy get to. Regardless of whether it is genuine Virginia Tech’s decision of giving basic discipline was disregarding title IX of 1972 and the assault event damaged Title III; brutality against ladies act. Which legitimate advances would be taken on the antagonistic condition guarantee which was given under Title IX? Did the plaintiff’s grumbling satisfy the lawful guidelines as expressed in Title IX? The offended party needed to demonstrate four focuses under both Title VII and Title IX. For Title VII, Christy needed to demonstrate she was irritated and she was against it, the provocation circumstance affected her condition and she had motivation to blame the school. For Title IX, Christy needed to demonstrate she is a piece of a secured gathering and she confronted badgering, the premise of the attackers depended on her sex and the event had an effect on her school condition. Administering The main decision was that of the District court which passed over Christy’s case on the premise that there was no position to order the sacred area 13981 by the Congress. A similar choice was later made by the court of offer. After a few contemplations, the choice of the court of offer was attested dependent on the hypothesis which identified with the alteration of weapon free zone act which expected individuals to go without having a firearm 1000 meters around any school. The reasons likewise point at the government framework setting which required equity of Christy to be passed by the Commonwealth of Virginia (Jerome, 1996). The other motivation behind why Virginia Tech was exonerated and Christy’s case excused is on the grounds that the organization is said not to have offered any comments or acted in a manner which showed victimization Christy as a female. As indicated by the Justia case recording, the school didn't know about Christy’s situation until the main hearing and under Seamons 84.f3d at 1232 continuing, a business is just at risk on the off chance that he/she knew about the quandary of the attacked individual (Legal Information Institute, 2000). The persuading thinking regarding the foundation is that the majority of the assault casualties don't report an attack and when some come out to talk, they do as such by squeezing charges against the attacker and not the school. Morrison is likewise found to have come back to class for different semesters in spite of the allegations and prior suspension by the school’s senior member. The area court in their excusal of the case expressed that Morrison’s suspension was over the top (Jerome, 1996). Section two Q1: Why the thinking of specific gatherings is increasingly convincing. The minority, for this situation, I see it as Christy Brzonkala who is the offended party in the issue. I would bolster the Congress on the area court’s excusal of Christy’s case. Utilizing congressional power reason to excuse an assault case is unlawful. The realities introduced under the steady gaze of the court express that the aggressors; Crawford and Morrison assaulted Brzonkala threefold before offering contemptuous comments like ‘I trust you don’t have diseases’. The comments were belittling as well as a reason for misery for the offended party. As indicated by the four focuses referenced above, Christy demonstrated three of each point impeccably for the court to excuse her case twice. Brzonkala is claimed to have said no twice before Morrison went down on her, unrobed her and nailed her down assaulting her. His companion Crawford returned and assaulted her before Morrison did it for the subsequent time. After the assault, Morrison is later heard offering comments on engaging in sexual relations with young ladies without their assent. These two realities demonstrate the point that Christy had to engage in sexual relations, she is a piece of a secured gathering and the two denounced men did it because of sex predisposition since there are no different focuses as expressed for the situation procedures of Justia. Different focuses incorporate the goal for burglary, physical maltreatment, and incitement (Legal Information Institute, 2000). Hence, the court ought not have excused the case dependent on an absence of capacity to practice judgment. The larger part which for this situation I term as the Institute in which Brzonkala was a first year recruit at had a case to argue. The primary certainty they gave goes as indicated by Seamons procedures which says managers who have no information on an ambush, truth be told, have no mix-up. Simultaneously, businesses can't be accused for an offense which was done to a representative by their kindred workers. Notwithstanding, this reality goes occupies from Brzonkala grumbling which depended on separation and absence of activity by the Institute when the issue was presented. In any case, Brzonkala didn't give proof of segregation and absence of exceptional regard for her downturn separated from the disappointment of the school attendant to see her injury and report the case. Subsequently, excusal of the Brzonkala body of evidence against Virginia Polytechnic Institute is defended. Question 2 The court choice on excusing Brzonkala’s case will negatively affect different casualties who might not have shouted out about male sex guilty parties. The purpose for this is to what extent the case and offers took for a ultimate conclusion to be made. The realities gave were sufficient to involve the aggressor; Morrison. Be that as it may, the court chose to put together their decision with respect to congress illegality and the nonattendance of enough capacity to institute the law on Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) (Jerome, 1996). The court deciding for Virginia Polytechnic Institute arrives in when workers ambush one another and the fault is set on the organization or the business. Tuning in and settling on choices dependent on the law and proof supported the business section. Be that as it may, a similar decision blocked hopeful offended parties to hold their instances of attack against their establishment or business. References List of sources Jerome, R. (1996, March 11). No Justice, No Peace. Recovered September 29, 2018, from The individuals Magazine : https://people.com/file/no-equity no-harmony vol-45-no-10/ Leagle Incoporations . (2017). BRZONKALA v. MORRISON . Recovered September 26, 2018, from Leagle Incoporations site : https://www.leagle.com/choice/2001960272f3d6881882 Lawful Information Institute . (2000, May 15). US v. MORRISON (99-5). Recovered September 29, 2018, from Cornell University Law School : https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/99-5.ZO.html Instructions to refer to Brzonkala Vs Crawford Morrison, Papers

Spanish Idioms of the Form Tener Noun

Spanish Idioms of the Form Tener Noun In Spanish, you can have everything. That is on the grounds that tener, the action word significance to have in the feeling of to have (haber is what could be compared to the English assistant action word to have) is much of the time utilized in figures of speech to allude to a wide scope of feelings and different conditions. While we may state in English that you are ravenous or an individual is parched, in Spanish we state what could be compared to you have yearning or somebody has thirst. In this way tienes hambre implies you are ravenous and tiene sed implies he/she is parched. Tener Phrases Often Preferred to Adjectives The vast majority of the tener thing figures of speech arent difficult to learn, as they for the most part bode well as long as you comprehend what the thing part of the expression implies. What can be testing is realizing when their utilization is liked. For instance, you might know that there is a descriptive word, hambriento, that implies hungry. However, youre improbable to hear a sentence, for example, estoy hambriento (similarly as you arent prone to hear a local English speaker state, I have hunger, despite the fact that the sentence would be comprehended and syntactically right). For the most part, the tener thing figures of speech are interpreted utilizing the English action word to be trailed by a descriptor. Following are probably the most widely recognized such employments of tener. tener cabeza (para), to have a psyche (for): Tu hermana tiene cabeza para los negocios. (Your sister has a brain for business.)tener calor, to be hot: Siempre tienes calor. (Youre consistently hot.)tener cariã ±o, to be affectionate: Pablo tiene cariã ±o a Marã ­a. (Paul is partial to Mary.)tener celos, to be desirous: Tengo celos a mi hermana. (Im desirous of my sister.)tener claro, all things considered or sure: Tenemos claro que podemos ayudar a mejorar nuestra sociedad. (Were certain that we can help improve our society.)â tener complejos, to be intellectually insecure: Tengo complejos con mi estilo de vida real. (Im shaky about my current lifestyle.)tener cuidado, to be cautious: Espero que tengas cuidado con el libro. (I trust youre cautious with the book.)tener la culpa, to be blameworthy or to blame: Mi padre dijo que tengo la culpa. (My dad said its my fault.)tener derecho, to have the right: Tengo derecho de votar. (I reserve the option to vote.)tener efecto, to hav e an impact: La hipnosis tiene efecto en el cerebro. (Trance doesn't affect the brainl) tener à ©xito, to be fruitful: El jefe tiene un gran à ©xito. (The manager is very successful.)tener frã ­o, to be cold: Hace viento. Tengo frã ­o. (Its breezy. Im cold.)tener ganas de infinitive, to be in the temperament for, to want to accomplish something: Tengo ganas de comer una hamburguesa. (I want to eat a hamburger.)tener hambre, to be ravenous: No ha comido. Tiene hambre. (He hasnt eaten. Hes hungry.)tener ilusiã ³n, to be excited: Tiene ilusiã ³n por viajar a California. (Hes eager about going to California.)tener miedo a thing, to fear: Mi hermana tiene miedo a los serpientes. (My sister fears snakes.)tener miedo de infinitive, to fear: Tiene miedo de nadar. (Hes terrified of swimming.)tener prisa, to be in a rush: Tengo prisa. El teatro comienza a las ocho. (Im in a rush. The play starts at 8.)tener razã ³n, to be correct: El cliente siempre tiene razã ³n. (The client is consistently right.)tener sed, to be parched: He trabajado mucho. Tengo sed. (Ive worked a gre at deal. Im parched.) tener sueã ±o, to be drained or tired: No has dormido. Tendrs sueã ±o. (You havent rested. You should be tired.)tener suerte, to be fortunate: Mi hijo ganã ³ la loterã ­a. Tiene mucha suerte. (My child won the lottery. Hes very lucky.)tener vergã ¼enza, to be embarrassed: Matã © a mi amigo. Tengo mucha vergã ¼enza. (I executed my companion. Im so embarrassed.) Since tener is utilized so frequently to demonstrate mental states, it very well may be utilized without anyone else to ask somebody how the individual is getting along, particularly in the event that you speculate something isn't right:  ¿Quà © tienes? Whats up with you? Note that the descriptor mucho or mucha can be utilized with the thing bit of the saying to show degree as is communicated by very in English: Tengo sed, Im parched. Tengo mucha sed, Im parched. Note additionally that tener is unpredictable in its conjugation.

On The Universality Of Poetry Essays - Chapbooks,

On the Universality of Poetry Like any work of art, verse is viewed as all inclusive. It positions with music, move, and expressive arts as a structure or procedure of communicating Man's contemplations and interests. Not at all like other fine arts, in any case, verse - and in actuality writing - has an impossible to miss trademark. As a medium it utilizes language, and not at all like different mediums - like rocks, paints, beat - language isn't general, it is social. Since culture fluctuates as indicated by topography, time, religion, and sexual orientation - it is without question that there are large numbers of various dialects. Along these lines verse gets social or non-all inclusive in structure, a trademark that limits the creation and gathering of verse to individuals that comprehend the form(language, imagery, saying and so on and so forth) that verse use - a generally little class of individuals. Some time prior, our English class read T.S. Elliot's The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock, a long sonnet as a speech on whether the persona ought to or ought not move toward a lady he cherishes, eat a peach, or part his hair. Studies proclaimed it as the advanced Hamlet - an impression of the cognizance of the Modern Man. They shouted that the sonnet is a brief depiction of disdain belief systems and methods of reasoning. With a great deal of trouble and direction, we comprehended and even valued the sonnet, basically on the grounds that we know about the language that Elliot utilized. Be that as it may, would a rancher or simply adjoin any individual new to the subtleties of verse comprehend o value it? Possibly, yet the most plausible situation is that they would comprehend the significant purposes of the sonnet, yet t not perceive little subtleties that make the sonnet extraordinary - the way that it contains extracts from significant English scholars and that the pictures in the sonnet echoes its sense. It can likewise be noticed that the suggestions present in Prufrock are Western in root. There are cuts from Chaucer, Donne, Shakespeare and about each other sanctioned English scholars. This strategy of implying the Masters is absent in Prufruck alone. Truth be told, this is pervasive in the artistic works delivered in the previous 400 years. Implication in verse isn't just for stylish purposes yet in addition a method for demonstrating appreciation to somebody/something incredible. That practically all implications are to Western pieces, infer that writing is to be sure or what is viewed as incredible writing are basically Western. Therefore the standard for writing turned into that of the West's and the propensity for Western-situated verse is built up. It turned out to be progressively increasingly hard for new and diverse to be acknowledged as incredible or even as verse/writing. In this manner Eastern essayists - so as to be extraordinary - need to come up to this Western standards and in the process become Western. The most widely recognized misguided judgment is that verse/writing is all inclusive on the grounds that it handles the Human condition - it is an impression of Humanity. That regardless of whether a thought is expressed in an alternate manner, topics behind specific sonnets rise above culture, time, and in this way language. It is. That the indicission felt by Prufrock is the same as the hesitation that Rama felt in Bhagavad Gita. Truly. In any case, would an Indian value the way that Prufrock's interior clash is about hair-separating and eating peach? Would an Englishman comprehend the Bhagavad Gita in the event that it is written in Hindu or even comprehend the basically Asian worry of wheter he ought to or ought to and so forth and so on? The truth of the matter is that structure and significance come connected at the hip. The structure decides the significance and the other way around. There can't be one without the other. Therefore if an individual doesn't go past understanding what the structure communicates, what he sees is only a section of the bit of writing, a piece of the entirety. Since individuals are partitioned into classes of people with various hues, occupation, and sexual orientation each with their won method for communicating their previously fluctuating encounters even of similar occasions - there can never be one binding together and all inclusive language, structure, and hence nver be any sort of widespread writing.

Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program Ideas

Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program Ideas What is Really Happening with Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program Effective time management is necessary for stress reduction, success, and perhaps even survival, especially in the modern society of raising demands on a significantly leaner workforce. Thereare a few time managementprinciples that do apply to everybody, however. Not making very good use of time can impact people in many various ways. If it's not the best usage of your time, delegate it. There are a lot of totally free apps which help to keep you organized. It's essential that you set your priorities and your schedule your time in a means that's flexible and that permits you to acquire the most accomplished in the time that you've got available. If you would like to manage your time effectively here are a few simple measures to achieve what you would like, receive a daily planner and record the times you have to do something, set your priorities, know what's important to you and what's not and rate what ever is important to you on a scale of one to ten. Maybe the actual answer isn't to find more time for marketing, yet to MAKE time. Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program Help! A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment very quickly and can help you boost your grades. Be certain your electronic planner doesn't cost you time. Whether you're a self-employed freelancer or an entrepreneur building an increasing business, if you wo rk at home, you are going to have to find out a work routine that gives you the ability to be absolutely the most productive and productive. Employ a professional digital assistant that will help you part-time or full-time. It isn't necessary for a manager to personally take care of every merchandise. Thus don't attempt to convince yourself that you have 8 hours each day to achieve your priority items. Most discover a whole lot of their time is being spent on C and D things which have minimum value. Be realistic and keep flexible. Employing time management during a normal day can help lower stress and simplifies life. You will feel in charge of your life and revel in it even more. On top of that, managing time well reduces strain and anxiety. Or spend time preparing to work, shooting the breeze, surfing the internet, fiddling with email and you're going to finish the day having traded your time for minimal outcomes. The Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program Cover Up All responsibilities aren't equal. Write out your goals so that you know where you're going. Planning involves choosing tasks that have to be conducted to attain organizational targets, outlining the way the tasks have to be performed, and indicating when they need to be carried out. Write an Action Plan You don't need to know exactly what things to do, some of it you might have to to work out along the way, but you should have an overall plan of action. All About Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program If you're an employer or little small business operator, time management is vital for making the the majority of your company and achieving your targets. A number of you might not believe that time management is crucial. As a lot of the articles on time management aren't practical for the majority of us, we just read them and forget. Learn what the top four time management issues are and why they're so important. Time management is a toug h endeavor for even the most organized men and women. Developing and utilizing fantastic time management skills is essential to managing personal stress levels. There are numerous time management techniques available, naturally. Time management programs usually concentrate on your own personal productivity, analyzing how you decide to devote your time. The One Thing to Do for Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program Focus List In order to acquire the most essential work done you need to understand what the most important work is at any certain point in time. Folks will find themselves thinking that twenty four hours in 1 day is simply not enough. Understand what you will accomplish the following day. Know what to deal with first, make the decisions which is likely to make your plans work out to the very best way. Ok, I Think I Understand Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program, Now Tell Me About Samples of Time Management Essay for Fronti er Dnp Program! Each and every day, you take part in many time-consuming pursuits which don't include things like marketing. No'' is sometimes hard to say because you are taught differently. Life without any sort of organization is extremely stressful and not as productive. The Do's and Don'ts of Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program You've probably heard that writing articles is an excellent way to market your business. You find a unique sort of stress management n5 question papers. Learn the real issue with time management in this informative article from the author of the new bookIgnited. Learn the true issue with time management in this informative article from the author of the new book Ignited. The Advantages of Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program When developing your `to do' list you'll also be in a position to be aware the estimated amount of time you will have to finish each endeavor. Be sure to notice every time you start and stop each endeavor. You will be more productive maxing out a couple of things rather than bouncing from task to task. When a job is finished, all emotional energy linked to that task should be published. The Awful Side of Samples of Time Management Essay for Frontier Dnp Program Could you simply earn a rule they must work an 8 hour day. Keep the time log for no less than a week. All you may have to do is keep busy approximately half of the moment. It is very important to manage time wisely.

Management Dissertations - Organisational Misbehavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3054 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Critically evaluate the argument that organisational misbehavior is a normal feature of organisational life Introduction The notion of organisational misbehavior can be interpreted in a lot of ways based on different perspectives, different people, shifting situations, and by the changing level of awareness and understanding on the life of an organisation. There is a primary purpose of organisations in the context of fulfilling certain individual goals. Northcraft and Neale (1990, p.5) say that people come together and form organisations because organisations can accomplish things that are beyond the reach of individuals. They come together to accomplish what each individual cannot accomplish alone. The meaning of behavior in organisations according to Northcraft and Neale revolve around managing behavior to take advantage of the performance benefits of groups over individuals. This is where the concept of a good behavior and misbehavior takes shape. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management Dissertations Organisational Misbehavior" essay for you Create order Organisational Behavior Organisational behavior is a multidisciplinary definition that illustrates a number of points (Gibson et al, 2000). Some of these points relate directly to the conduct of the organisation in society. First, it indicates that the behavior of people operate at individual, group, or organisational level. This suggests that when trying to study the organisational misbehavior in the perspective of being a normal part of organisational life, it must identify clearly the levels of analysis individual, group, and the organisation being used. Second, theres a distinctively humanistic orientation within the organisation behavior. Peoples attitudes, perceptions, learning capabilities, and objectives are important to the organisation. They provide the rich mixture for their organisations culture and strategies to evolve and prosper. Thirdly, the external environment is seen as having significant impact on the organisational behavior. Finally, theres also the application orientation which concer ns providing useful answers to questions that arise in the context of managing the organisation. Misbehavior is often interpreted to mean bad behavior or a deviation from the normal norms and ethics expected of individuals and organisations. To say that organisational behavior also involves other certain kinds of misbehavior still descends to the fact that any type of behavior can be either good or bad depending on the context that it is applied to in real life situations. When this type of behavior exists and eventually prevails in any organisational setup, it would likely grow into a certain stature of normalcy and seep into conventional wisdom. In order to understand why this argument seems to make sense in the framework of an organisations life, it is important to first identify the different compositions of an organisation, its objectives, culture, structure, and strategies. The complexities associated with these compositions have made it virtually impossible to model and envision a perfect organisation. Organisations have had some bouts with internal and external conflicts in one way or another. Some have mastered the arts of deception and impropriety. It is unrealistic to say that organisational misbehavior is not part of organisational life either. People in the organisation may misbehave and some people may blame the entire organisation. Others may blame specific people (especially managers) when the real shortcoming came from the organisations policies. Other groups within the organisation or network may deviate from agreements and norms. The organisational culture may not also be up to the times and the current business strategies may not sit well with government regulation policies and industry norms. If these things do happen (and they happen a lot), it is not viable and healthy to draw the line between laying out unspoken rules in classifying organisational behavior to be good and a bad. People and Human Behavior People make up the internal social system of the organisation (Newstrom and Davis, 1997). This system consists of individuals and groups, and large groups as well as small ones. People are the living, thinking, and feeling beings who work in the organisation to achieve their objectives. An organisational structure is filled up with people who decide and deliver the goods for the organisation. Diversity presents a lot of challenges for management to handle. When people become members of an organisation whether in official, unofficial or informal capacity, they bring with them different educational background, talents, interests, and behavior that they eventually contribute for the success or failure of the organisation. The relationship among individuals and groups in an organisation create expectations for an individuals behavior (Gibson et al, 2000, p. 7). An individual can be presented here as the organisation itself. These expectations result in certain leadership and follower rol es that must be performed so that there will be some kind of order and system. Collective expectations can either conform or not to standard behavior. Collective misuse of resources interests, talents, expertise, and management strategies can constitute organisation misbehavior. Punch (1996, p.1) views these misconduct as harmful to the viability of the organisation and constitutes deviance by the organisation. To put it more bluntly, organisational misbehavior eventually boils down to the issue of profits and how it should be maximized. Money has always been a central issue in any organisation and it has often been used to measure the survivability of a business. Organisational goals always take into their mainstream policy the issue of financial and economic stability and prosperity. Punch (1996, p.214) strongly suggested that formal goals of the organisation thus constitute a front for the real goals of management which is to provide a money machine for its owners and other insiders. If it is already common and normal for criminals to use any tool or weapon to perpetuate a crime, it would also seem normal for organisations to use the organisation itself to obtain money from victims of its misbehavior. The victims may actually be the customers or the members themselves. It is a prime example of what is called the organisational weapon the organisation is for white-collar criminals as the gun or knife is for the common criminals (Wheeler and Rothman, 1982, cited in Punch, 1996). In short, an organisation is set up for the primary purpose of making a substantial amount of money in the form of a profit and improving the quality of life for the individual members of the organisation. Organisations have systems of authority, status, and power, and people in organisations have varying needs for each system. People need money and a sense of fulfillment. People also need power to impose their will to others. People want to attain a certain level of success as measured by their status and standing in the organisation. Taken as a whole, organisations follow certain types of ethical behavior and standards defined along its objectives and future goals. It is also believed that adherence to moral standards on the job can have positive outcomes on the organisation and society by promoting strong ethical behavior in any aspects of life (Mares, 2005). This strong behavior of one organisation can be used as a strong issue against another organisation which is considered to be misbehaving just because it was not able to adhere to certain moral standards previously attained. Organisational Structure An organisational structure defines the formal relationship and use of people in organisations. According to Newstrom and Devis (1997), different jobs are required to accomplish all of an organisations activities. There are managers, employees, accountants, assemblers, and others who have to be related in some structural way so that their work can be effectively coordinated. How is the structure of the organisation related to the conduct of an organisation? According to Thompson (1997, p.588), structure is the means by which the organisation seeks to achieve its strategic objectives and implement strategies and strategic changes. Assuming that these strategies and changes are concerned with relating the organisations resources to its goals, will these resources be used in the proper way acceptable to all in the society? If change is necessary, it is correct to point out that resistance to change can constitute another concept of misbehavior. People confronting changes in their working environments often exhibit dysfunctional behaviors like aggression, projection, and avoidance (Hirschheim, 1995 p. 160). These types of behavioral patterns affect the overall behavior of the organisation. Another thing to consider in the organisational structure is the way decision making is delegated and observed. Thompson described the extent by which a decentralized and centralized setup of management decision making is vital in adapting to strategic change. In a centralized setup, organisational misbehavior is usually highlighted at the top management level because only a handful of people are empowered to do the decision making. A decentralized setup allows decisions to be made by most people who must implement change and usually allows the organisation a more collective approach to making decisions based on what is morally and ethically correct. This statement however, does not imply that a decentralized structure eliminates instances of misbehavior. It only lessens the probability. On the other hand, a decentralized setup could empower smaller groups within the organisation to abuse their power and open the possibility of misbehavior on a smaller scale. According to Tsahuridu, specialization and division of work that occurs in organizations may make people in organizations unable to see the illegality and immorality of certain actions. Each action is a part of a chain of actions, and even though each individual act may be legitimate and moral, all the actions linked together may constitute an illegal or immoral activity, which each individual participant may be ignorant of. Organisational Objectives and Culture Organisations must have objectives in order to exist. Objectives are always centered on what is basically good for the organisation, whether the resulting action or consequences is bad. How is organisational objectives tied to organisational behavior? Profit and growth are means to other ends rather than objectives in themselves (Acoff, 1986, cited in Thompson, 1997). There is then a question of whether profit is the ultimate objective of profit seeking business organisations or whether it is merely a means to other ends, which themselves constitute the real objectives (Thompson, 1997, p.153). Organisational behavior can be better understood by assuming whether the real goal of the organisation is to maximize profit or to provide them with a good quality of life and better standard of living. Harris and Hartman (2002, p. 75) said that an organisations culture consists of the values, norms, and attitudes of the people who make up the organisation. Values show what is important; norms reveal expected behavior; attitudes show the mind-set of individuals. Organisational culture therefore tells people what is important in the organisation, how to behave, and how to see things. Culture is a part of organisational life that influences the behavior, attitudes, and overall effectiveness of members (Gibson et al, 2000). Managers are usually in the forefront of formulating organisational strategies and policies. Johnson and Scholes (1997, p.79-80) argued that in formulating policies, managers should regard experience (good or bad) as constraints on developments. They say that in order to develop the organisation to cope with todays changing environments, they need to challenge the people around them and experiment with their different ideas and conflicting views in a pluralistic approach. The job of top management therefore is to create this sort of organisation by building teams that can work in such ways through the development of the everyday behavior and culture of the organisation. All of the issues related to the organisation in general have a tendency to influence and affect the behavior of the organisation. While it is safe to assume that the notion of misbehavior in the organisation tends to focus on the wrong or negative side of the organisation, it is preferred that misbehavior should be corrected and dealt with by focusing on how to manage and institute reforms in the different aspects of the organisation. This is a tall and complex order. Organisational behavior is not only influenced by the different factors previously mentioned. Management policies have a tendency to adapt to changing situations in their environments. Some organisations strategies may take advantage of weak government policies and regulations and find loopholes with which they can misbehave without being noticed. Other organisations strategies tend to focus on covering up unethical practices with good and convincing arguments that their actions go against standard practices but at th e same time, benefit a large segment of society. Punch (1996, p.1) described the behavior of todays organisations as problematic and worrying. He reasons out that different kinds of organisational misbehavior are often caused by managers lending themselves to deviant activities and the inability of government, business, and regulatory agencies to control effectively such misbehavior. He explains that this was largely because the subjects of business crime and corporate deviance have been sadly neglected by criminologists and crime-fighting bodies in favor of other areas such as street crimes, low-level law enforcement, and the prison system. Almost everyday, new types of organisation misbehavior are being uncovered and brought out into the open. As these corporate scandals and other forms of financial misconduct often perpetuated by top level management are exposed, more and more sophisticated strategies and techniques are slowly being uncovered. It is quite interesting to know that one kind of misbehavior can be linked to another form of misbehavior in another corporate partner within the network of organisations. Other sets of misbehavior can involve almost all levels of the organisational hierarchy. The realities faced by an organisation are different from others. Each organisation has an identity, an objective, a strategic plan, and differing sets of policies and regulations. Harris and Hartman (2002, p. 97) said this is because the underlying premise in the ideal culture is that the formal organisations norms and values are to be consistent with those of the various individuals and groups within the organisation. They say that the norms and values of individuals and groups of the organisation are hostile to formal organisational goals. This is especially true to members of top-level management and the rank and file members. Their hidden values may contradict the official policies of the organisation. Sometimes, the organisation may not value the potential contribution of its members. The need to create competitive advantage for profit and growth without the proper ethical system in place can lead to drastic steps and ethically questionable decisions and actions. Some members of the organisation may feel the need to make reforms while others may think taking radical steps will eventually spell success. Discontentment and trouble may brew over different signals and messages that the inner structure of the organisation send out to the outside world. It is therefore evident that culture can become very counterproductive and the basis of confidence, cooperation, and adherence to standard norms and behavior can be damaging to the overall behavior of the organisation. This is the start of the decay of organisational values and norms and provides a fertile ground for breeding misconduct and misbehavior in any front of the organisation. Conclusions Misbehavior is a normal part of an organisations life. It is not a question of whether it exists or not. It tends to become an issue when organisations tolerate and do nothing to correct these deviances from normal behavior and when organisations formulate policies that sheer away from ethical standards that govern them. Why is it that organisational misbehaviors tend to exist even in model companies and organisations recognized for their professional excellence? There are different ways of understanding organisational misbehavior in the context of whether it is normal or not in an organisational life. If we try to look closely at the term normal and misbehavior, there are two things which would come into mind. First, nothing is perfect and it is perfectly normal for people to commit mistakes, either willingly or unwillingly. People can always create rules and policies to counter certain misconduct. Organisations can always innovate and deviate from these rules in order to attain their goals. In these instances, there is no such thing as a perfect law governing businesses and there is also no such thing as a perfect business strategy. In normal instances, mistakes are part of the learning process. As this cycle continues today, organisational misbehavior has already come to the point where people have already considered it part and parcel of their everyday life. It is part of the reality of life that has something to do with existence and how mankind adapts to ongoing changes. The only thing that people consider to be an issue in organisation misbehavior is the level or degree of how it affects society. Second, in order to survive, some organisations have to take the risk, whether this will put them in the burner for good or elevate their status in the business community. These risks are normally present in their business strategies, structure, objectives, and culture. They can follow the business rules by the book and end up earning nothing or they may deviate from certain rules and norms and reap profits. Again, it is normal for organisations to take risks and reap the benefits. All of the characteristics of an organisation are linked to one another to form their own identity and behavior. People are in a social structure within the organisation and are empowered to make good or bad decisions. The structure of the organisation limits or expands the power to make decisions. Bibliography Books Gibson, James et al. (2000).Organizations: Behavior, Structure, Processes. 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill, Manila. Harris, J and Hartman, S. (2002). Organizational Behavior. Haworth Press. New York. Hirschheim, R.A. (1995). Office Automation: A Social and Organizational Perspective. John Wiley. Oxford Johnson, Gerry and Scholes, Kevan. (1997). Exploring Corporate Strategy.Prentice Hall. UK Newstrom, John and Davis, Keith. (1997) Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work. McGraw-Hill. Northcraft, Gregory and Neale, Margaret.(1990).Organizational Behavior:A Management Challenge. Dryden Press, Florida. Punch, Maurice. (1996). Dirty Business: Exploring Corporate Misconduct. SAGE Publications, London. Thompson, John (1997).Strategic Management: Awareness and Change. 3rd Edition.International Thompson Business Press.Boston Journal Article Mares, Micheal (2005), The Importance of Business Ethics,Retrieved last February 26, 2005 from https://www.webcpa.com Tsuahurido, Eva, Ethics and Integrity: What Australian Organizations Seek and Offer in Recruitment Advertisements,Retrieved: March 3, 2005 from https://www.pamij.com/7_4/v7n4_tsahuridu.html

Hey India - 1828 Words

SocEntResearch.org | SocEntResearch.org | Collecting data on social entrepreneurs is problematic for a number of reasons. For instance, the nascency of the field means that there are relatively few (as compared with fields like commercial entrepreneurship or family firms) potential subjects for those wanting to study founders of social ventures. Moreover, due to the global nature of the field, social entrepreneurs tend to be a disbursed group. Add to this the fact that there is little government-mandated public information on most social enterprises (as is the case with publically-traded firms, for example), and one can understand why few empirical studies on social entrepreneurship have gone beyond case studies. This is†¦show more content†¦While the GEM is, like the PSED, primarily concerned with tradition commercial entrepreneurship, the study allows for some SocEnt research. Recent versions of the GEM individual-level datasets include the following question: â€Å"Are you, alone or with others, currently trying to start or currently owning and managing any kind of activity, organisation or initiative that has a particular social, environmental or community objective? This might include providing services or training to socially deprived or disabled persons, using profits for socially oriented purposes, organising self-help groups for community action, etc.† Those respondents that answer in the affirmative may be classified as social entrepreneurs and analysis may be conducted both within this sub-sample, or comparisons may be made with those that answered in the negative.3) Depending on your definition of ‘social enterprise’ (See our definitions page), IRS 990 forms may be an excellent source of secondary. 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Organizational Objectives And Existing Marketing Strategies - Woolwort

Question: Identify and evaluate marketing opportunities of Woolworths? Answer: Introduction Woolworths was established in 1924 in Sydney and today it has become the leading retailer of grocery and liquor in Australia (Woolworths.com.au, 2015). Over the last twenty five years Woolworths has been synonyms with fresh food. The company has been extensively focusing on offering wide range of fresh foods to its customers. The product range of the company includes fresh fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and meat and dairy products. Additionally, drinks, desserts, biscuit snacks, canned food, tobacco, cigarettes, magazines beauty and wellness products. The leading retailer of Australia has given first priority to its customers and focusing in improving the product range and service in order to satisfy their demands. It has been supporting the community through the managing partnership with the local farmers. This paper will focus on analyzing the existing marketing strategy and assist in identification of the marketing opportunities (Loudon, Stevens Wrenn, 2005). In order to und ertake this study, an appointment was fixed with the store manager of Woolworths in Sydney. Organizational Objectives and Existing Marketing Strategies Objectives: Woolworths have been focusing on extending its leadership in food and liquor. Another principle strategic priority of the company is to undertake activities for maximizing the value of shareholders. The company has been putting extensive emphasize on maintaining its past records of developing new business opportunities for sustainable growth. These are the major business objectives of Woolworths. The company has designed its strategies for achievement of the business growth planned by the management. Existing Marketing Strategy and its Outcome: The marketing strategy of Woolworths has considered the dynamic business environment and focused on adoption of a framework for meeting the changing customer demand. The business direction is entirely driven by the customers. The current marketing strategy includes giving top priority to the customers (Kotler, 2000). Presently, the company has identified that one of the important element of marketing element; place strategy needs to be changed for ensuring high level of the convenience to the customers. Woolworths has been offering websites, mobile apps, virtual stores and new delivery options to complement its stores. Promotional strategy is one of the important factors for retaining the customers (Wilson Gilligan, 2005). In order earn customer loyalty; the company has focused on designing a public relation initiative through introduction of Everyday Rewards Program which offers wide range of exclusive offers as well as promotions (Woolworthslimited.com.au, 2015). In order to devel op new strategies, Woolworths has been utilizing the customer feedback for making significant difference to the customers through meeting their growing expectation (Omar Sawmong, 2007). In case of products, the company has been offering fresh foods which are sourced from the local farmers. The meat and poultry products are 100% fresh and the fruit and vegetables are 96% fresh (Woolworths Online, 2015). Additionally, the company has been offering better bag packing as well as large bags at the self service check outs, more half sized trolleys, an up to date store directory in every aisle and better seasonality information for fresh food. These are the major marketing strategies of Woolworths for product, place and promotion (Winer, 2000). The outcomes of implementation of these strategies are reflected in the organizational performance. It has been found that the existing marketing strategy of Woolworths is effective and helps the organization in achieving most of its objectives. It has been reported that the in the last half of 2013, Woolworths has sales of 1.8 billion dollars. It must be noted that this is the strongest sales growth since 2011(Businessreviewaustralia.com, 2015). The fastest growing retailer of Australia has been able to achieve the increase in business value through its effective marketing strategy. Doubling of the business growth can be significantly attributed to the effective marketing strategy such as loyalty program which has effectively helped in engaging the customers. Additionally, the product strategy which emphasized on offering wide range of fresh food helped in the attracting the health conscious Australian customers. Marketing Opportunities Marketing opportunities refer to the further scope for enhancing the business growth through designing an effective marketing strategy which will addressing the threats of changing the external business environment across the globe. Though Woolworths has been performing well over the years, it has been encountering significant threat from its competitors. It has been found that the Woolworths and Coles have been dominating the retail market of Australia for several years. Presently, the entrance of a German retailer, Aldi has been becoming a threat for the leading retailers of Australia. Aldi is a discount supermarket and its own labels are gaining significant popularity. It has been observed that in the post global financial crisis, the Australian consumers have been focusing on the value for money (Ramachandra, Chandrashekara Shivakumar, 2010). A cultural shift is prominent in case of Australian consumers and they are growing tired of the conventional shopping experiences and incr easingly accepting the bargain hunting. Hence, the competition in the retail market is intensifying rapidly (Mitchell, 2014). The customers prefer the low priced products of Aldi for saving. Additionally Aldi has been offering some exclusive products which will help in causing a sensation with the shoppers. For instance, according to the report of Nielson, Mamia range of nappies has been the most popular brand sold in the Australia. Additionally, the ski gear offered by Aldi has received significant popularity (MEHRA, 2015). It has been estimated that Aldi has the potential to snatch around $ 250 to $350 million from the sales of Woolworths. According to UBS, the sales of Aldi will reach $9.3 billion within 2019 as it is planning to open new shops in Western and South Australia (Mitchell, 2014). Hence, Woolworths need to focus on the new market opportunities for competing with the rapidly growing German retailer. This section will focus on recommending three new marketing strategies for Woolworths. Product Strategy: Customers are focusing on purchasing fresh and high quality product at cheaper price. Additionally, the new products offered by the competitors have significantly attracted the customer base. Hence, it can be recommended that Australia needs to focus on the innovation for offering some exclusive products which can be easily afforded by the customers. For example, some innovative hobby and leisure products, innovative home appliances can be offered at Woolworths. Woolworths has significant potential for investing higher amount in research and development for supporting the innovation activities (Parry, 2005). Thus, new product development and innovation is essential for exploring the new markets of Australia and enhancing customer base of the company which will ultimately lead to the achievement of targeted growth of the company (Marshall Johnston, 2010). Pricing Strategy: Price is a major concern for Woolworths as Aldi has been growing by offering huge discounts on its products. It has been found that the customers are focusing on the purchasing the inexpensive products with similar quality. Hence, Woolworths need to focus on adoption of competitive pricing strategy. First of all, it needs to control its cost through several cost cutting strategies (Businessreviewaustralia.com, 2015). Additionally, the company needs to reduce the profit margin for offering lower price of the products. Therefore, the reduced profit margin can be compensated with the aid of increased level of sales (Noyan Simsek, 2011). Promotional Strategy: Promotional strategy helps the company in effective marketing communication. In order to compete with the market rivals, Woolworths need to enhance its promotional activities. (Dalrymple Parsons, 2000) First of all, on a certain day of the week, the company can offer he discount on some specific products. Additionally, it can offer complementary items on a purchase of certain amount. Least selling products will be given as the complementary goods on a specific day (Loudon, Stevens Wrenn, 2005). It will be significantly effective in attracting the customers who are value focused. Additionally, organizing in store events where the children and women can participate will be effective in spending more time within the shop and ultimately lead to enhanced sales (Kotler, 2000). Thus, the promotional strategy needs to be changed for exploring the market opportunities and enhancing sales. Conclusion This paper has focused on providing an insight to the development of new marketing strategy for Woolworths. It has been found that the company has been able to manage significant growth over the years. Woolworths has focused on its customers and their needs for satisfying those efficiently. The company has designed effective customer loyalty program for retaining its customer base. The wide product range contains fresh fruit and vegetables along with meat and poultry products which have helped in attracting the health conscious consumers. However, it must be noted that Aldi, a German retailer has been considered to be a major threat for the growth of Woolworths. Hence, it is important to change the marketing strategy of the company. Hence, the company needs focus on diversifying its product range through innovation. Additionally, the company needs to adopt competitive pricing for attracting more number of customers. Additionally, the company needs to adopt effective promotional strat egy for ensuring sustainable growth in future through maintaining its position as market leader. References Businessreviewaustralia.com,. (2015).Marketing strategies bolster Woolworths profits. Retrieved 12 February 2015, from https://www.businessreviewaustralia.com/leadership/445/Marketing-strategies-bolster-Woolworths-profits Dalrymple, D., Parsons, L. (2000).Basic marketing management. New York: Wiley. Kotler, P. (2000).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Loudon, D., Stevens, R., Wrenn, B. (2005).Marketing management. New York: Best Business Books, an imprint of The Haworth Press. Marshall, G., Johnston, M. (2010).Marketing management. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. MEHRA, P. (2015).Aldis private labels hurt Woolworths, Coles the most.TheAustralian. Retrieved 12 February 2015, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/news/aldis-private-labels-hurt-woolworths-coles-the-most/story-e6frg906-1227193415702 Mitchell, S. (2014).Aldi expansion could end Coles-Woolworths supermarket duopoly.Financial Review. Retrieved 12 February 2015, from https://www.afr.com/p/business/companies/aldi_expansion_could_end_coles_woolworths_d33XUgjDY5V0pXmhrWaOtK Mitchell, S. (2014).Woolworths committed to cutting prices in battle with Coles, Aldi.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 February 2015, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/woolworths-committed-to-cutting-prices-in-battle-with-coles-aldi-20140905-10cqir.html Noyan, F., Simsek, G. (2011). Structural Determinants Of Customer Satisfaction In Loyalty Models: Turkish Retail Supermarkets.Procedia - Social And Behavioral Sciences,30, 2134-2138. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.414 Omar, O., Sawmong, S. (2007). Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty to British Supermarkets.Journal Of Food Products Marketing,13(2), 19-32. doi:10.1300/j038v13n02_02 Parry, M. (2005).Strategic marketing management. London: McGraw-Hill. Ramachandra, K., Chandrashekara, B., Shivakumar, S. (2010).Marketing management. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Wilson, R., Gilligan, C. (2005).Strategic marketing management. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Winer, R. (2000).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Woolworths Online,. (2015).The-Fresh-Food-People. Retrieved 12 February 2015, from https://www2.woolworthsonline.com.au/Shop/Seasonal/The-Fresh-Food-People#url=/Shop/Browse/magazines-books Woolworths.com.au,. (2015).2012 Woolworths Today. Retrieved 12 February 2015, from https://www.woolworths.com.au/wps/wcm/connect/website/woolworths/about+us/our-story/2012+woolworths+today Woolworthslimited.com.au,. (2015).Strategy and Objectives - Woolworths Limited. Retrieved 12 February 2015, from https://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/page/Who_We_Are/Strategy_and_Objectives/

Sociological Aspects of the Article

Diabates essays

Diabates essays With all the threats of harmful health, some diseases can be prevented with just a healthy lifestyle of eating correctly, exercising, and maintaining a stress-free mindset. But these techniques for a successful healthy body can only be minimally helpful in the world of diabetes. With diseases such as diabetes mellitus, that can passed on genetically, a person cant escape their chances of developing this disease. In the United States, about 16 million people suffer from diabetes mellitus, although only half the individuals have been diagnosed(Bellenir 94). Every year about 650,000 people are diagnosed; diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. By definition, diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both(Microsoft 1). The pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone that aids in glucose absorption. Glucose is also known as sugar and is an energy source for the body. This condition may also develop if muscle and fat cells respond poorly to insulin. In people with diabetes, glucose levels build up in the blood and urine, causing excessive urination, thirst, hunger and problems with fat and protein metabolism. Diabetes is most common among adults over the age of 45, in people who are overweight or inactive, in individuals with a family history of diabetes, and in minority populations including African Americans and Native Americans (who have the highest rate of diabetes). Also, more women than men are diagnosed Diabetes is classified into two types. Type 1 or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is also known as juvenile onset diabetes. With this type, the body produces little or no insulin. Symptoms appear suddenly in individuals under the age of 20. Most cases occur around the onset of puberty, usually ages 8 to 12. In the U.S., about five to ten percent of al ...

Demerger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demerger - Essay Example The segmentation strategies of both Daimler-Chrsyler not only enabled both companies to attain wider customer markets but also fresh chances for the expansion of their automobile lines. On the other hand, the only significant disadvantage in the demerging procedures of Daimler-Chrsyler was the internal adjustments that both companies had to endure particularly in budgeting their endeavors and initiatives. But all in all, the demerging of Daimler-Chrsyler had a positive impact on the succeeding profits of both companies in spite of the fact the demerger mandated both companies to regain their individual company designations. As the American automobile industry became aware of the effects of the demerger of Daimler-Chrsyler to their present system, other American automobile companies had been able to utilize this knowledge to get and maintain a control mechanism to enable them to become top organizations in the world market. In this way, the utilization of demergers and modernization had supported the US automobile industry to become competitive in the world market. The demerger of Daimler-Chrsyler enabled the fundamental enhancement in the economic progress of the American economy and significantly improved financial gains in the aftermath of transferring income and taxes to the American authorities. The demerger of Daimler-Chrsyler will defin

(the main differences between the NRA method of measurement , and Assignment

(the main differences between the NRA method of measurement , and CESMM3) Civil engineering measurement - Assignment Example It is not measured to construction joints, holes, ducts, sockets, mortices and the like that do not exceed 0.15 cubic meters in volume. The edge of blinding concrete should be less or equal to 75mm. An inclination angle of less than 15Â ° to horizontal plane is required. The pipes are measured in linear meters and made of clay, concrete, iron, steel, polyvinyl and glass reinforced plastic. The depth of excavation depends on the nominal pipe diameter and type of material for the pipe (CESSM3, 1991 p.48). NRA dwells puts a lot of emphasis on drainage and service ducts include drains, sewers, piped culverts and service ducts. It does not include filter drains, narrow filter drains and fin drains. The unit of measurement is linear meters. The measurement done from the center line between; For depth inverts that do not exceed 2m, average depth of invert to be stated the nearest 25mm. If the depths to invert exceed 2m but less than 4m and in steps of 2m, again the average depth must be stated to the nearest 25mm. From the CESSM3 point of view, unit of measurement for executed works is in sum form apart from scenarios where there is a specified unit of measurement. The divisions included are; contractual, specified requirements, method related charges, provisional sum and the rest. Contractual requirements are classified into performance bond, insurance of works and third party insurance. Specified requirements refer to accommodation, services, equipment, attendance for engineers’ staff and the like. The method-related charges focus on accommodation, services, temporary works, supervision and labour and plant. Provisional sums are measured in terms of day work and include; labour, materials, plant and their respective percentage adjustment. Method-related charges are inserted by the tenderer in the Bill of Quantities (CESSM3, 1991 p.16). NRA classifies this section under preliminaries and

Management styles and strategies in small firm Essay Example for Free

Management styles and strategies in small firm Essay Management literature provides us a number of management styles practiced by managers and leaders across the globe through the years. A manager’s style is largely determined by many factors in the organization including the structure and the size of resources available as well as the managerial capacity of the owner. The mode of operations and styles in small firms are determined by the transactional nature of the firm as well as the nature and capacity of the manager-cum-owner. Authoritarian Management Style. Some managers of small firms practice the authoritarian management style. With the inherent characteristics of being small, managers of small firms take absolute control of a workplace situation, without reference to the views and inputs of the employees. According to Davidmann, in authoritarian organizations it is orders which are passed down from above and the managers role is to pass orders down the chain of command. In small firms, owner-cum-managers are the only ones who decide on innovations and changes in the business operations. Innovation in small firms is usually linked up with the entrepreneurial skill of the owner-cum manager. To Meulenberg Verhees (2004), â€Å"in a small firm, innovativeness implies a wiliness of the owner to learn about and to adopt innovations, both in the input and output markets. High innovations of small firm do not mean that the owner is innovative in all domains†. Workers in small businesses can also contribute to the innovative process of the firm but only through the direction of the organization’s leaders. It is still the owner-cum-manager’s decision that is implemented in the end. As Slatter (1992:159), puts it, â€Å"strong leadership provides a key role in overcoming the confusion that usually accompanies growth and is necessary to build and maintain the cohesiveness of the organization†. Participative Management Style Participative management style is also practiced by managers of small businesses. The main goal of participative management is to enhance the quality of the employees’ working life and the management must be responsive to the requests of the employees (Lewis Renn, 1992). This style allows information sharing and involvement of employees in the decision making. Participative management is a process whereby the employees are involved in the decision-making of the organization through formal and informal means (Chan). As a small firm with small organizational structure, there is the need to focus on people issues, and trust-based relations; such a perspective neglects the probability of conflict, even in ostensibly high trust work settings (Collins Ram, 2003). In small firms, employees are encouraged to be involved in decision making. Managers share information directly to the employees and ask inputs before making decisions about policies and processes. This type of management styles promotes and boosts the morale of employees and prevents low productivity. According to Davidmann, smaller company is more effective when compared with larger company both in terms of both employee utilisation (turnover per employee) and capital utilisation (turnover per unit of issued share capital). The adherence to informal structure and system in small firm operation is another noticeable fact that has affected how managerial pattern is determined. According to Blackburn (2003:12), â€Å"the relatively low use of the formal systems by small firms may also mean that a reliance on patent counts etc. is an inaccurate measurement of innovative or research activity. Hence, there is a need to ‘unpack’ the approaches to innovative and intellectual property management by owner-mangers†. In the same parlance, Moore (1996), cited in Blackburn (2003), opined that SMEs rely on more informal methods to protect their intellectual property, such as maintaining a lead time advantage over competitors in bringing new products to market. Also, this can come through the development of high-trust. Adaptive Management Style Ken Blanchard and Paul Hershey, renowned management gurus, created a management style that analyzes the needs of the situation a manager or a leader is dealing with, and then adopts the most appropriate style. This is ideal for small businesses since management styles are considered to be difficult due to the flexible nature of small businesses. In this view, Slatter (1992:159) puts it that â€Å"managing fast growth in entrepreneurial firms is one of the most difficult challenges that exist†. â€Å"Owners often struggle to balance the flexibility required to keep pace with customer demands, with a sense of continuity and security. Hence, management essentially comprises a careful balancing act between strong leadership and decentralized task-oriented management; entrepreneurial and professional management; and processes involving organizational cohesion and those promoting individual responsibilities† (Collins Ram, 2003). The availability of strong leadership in small firms provides a key role in overcoming the confusion that usually accompanies growth and is necessary to build and maintain the cohesiveness of the organization. Thus, â€Å"achieving the balancing act between stability and flexibility is difficult, but potentially attainable through such means and a strong but democratic leadership style† (Slatter 1992:126). Small firms have been observed to be adapting operational plan rather than strategic plan. While strategic plan is conceived as â€Å"a written long – range plan, which includes both a corporate mission statement and a statement of organizational objectives†¦operational planning , on the other hand, is defined as the setting of short term objectives for specific functional areas such as finance, marketing, and personnel† (Shrader et al, 1989). The limited resources available to small firms have resulted in their continual practice of operational plans. â€Å"Strategic planning has not commonly been practiced by smaller firms because they do not have the staff or the time to engage in strategic planning. Rather, the top manager in a small firm must be concerned more with operational, day-to-day, functional area problems† (ibid). Robinson, Logan, and Shalem, cited in Shrader et al, (1989), found that strategic planning was not related to improved financial performance of small firms, but that operational planning was positively related to performance. It is argued that small businesses do not benefit from strategic plans primarily because they do not take time or effort to formulate them. Robinson concluded that small businesses which hired outside help in strategic planning performed better than those that did not plan (ibid). Operational planning allows more flexibility on the part of the owner-cum-managers of small firms. This type of planning allows them to be more adaptive in their management style depending on the need of the situation. Most research works and write ups have been about the management of human resources in large organizations. However in recent times, the focus has shifted to HRM in small firms. Major concerns and predictions for the failures of small businesses relate to financial issues. But in the argument of Marlow Patton (1993), the effective management of employees is also emerging as a key variable in the survival of small firms. The limited size of many small firms justifies the absence of full-time HR professionals in their organizations. The complex and time consuming nature of many HR activities can result in a significant drain on existing managerial resources. Small firms also face the problems and challenges of lacking high skilled HR. â€Å"Attractive and retention is clearly linked to the ability to offer a competitive benefits package† (Williams Dreher 1992, cited in Klaas et al, 2000). There is a need for a well-skilled and well-motivated workforce for small firms in order for them to compete effectively in the global marketplace. â€Å"There is growing empirical evidence linking HRM activities and organizational performance† (Holt 1993, cited in Wager 1998). As Odaka Sawai (1999), puts it, â€Å"small business has sometimes been criticized for its economic ‘vices’: retrace competition, the exploitation of employees through low wages, poor working conditions, paternalistic labor relations, and so on. In so far as small firms are characterized by the relatively labor-intensive choice of technology, they contributed to society by enhancing the employment capabilities of the latter†. Lack of technological processes of small firms also constitutes as basis of inefficient HR relationships. Collins Ram (2003) identified four types of employment relations in small firms: â€Å"a ‘factory’ model, which emphasized pecuniary attachment and managerial control: a ‘commitment model based upon peer and ‘cultural’ control: a professional model that stressed attachment to work; and an ‘engineering’ that exhibited a more instrumental approach to work relations’. The concept of informality is invoked to describe social relations at work. But the substance of informality needs to be investigated, together with the shaping power of the context in which the small firm is operating. The ranking of importance of HRM activities differs between small and large scale businesses. According to Ng and Maki (1993), quoted in Wager (19980, â€Å" for smaller firms, the three most important activities were the ‘retaining function’ (which included administering personnel records, payroll processing, health and safety compliance, public relations, and vacation processing), ‘obtaining function’ (which involve pre-employment testing, recruiting, and hiring), and the ‘identifying function’ (which included human resource planning and job evaluation). On the other hand for larger firms, the most important activity was the ‘adjustment function’ (which addresses promotion, transfer, and separation, union-management relations, employee assistance plan administration, and disciplinary issues, followed by the ‘identifying function’, and the developing function’ (which included skill training, orientation, and career development). CONCLUSION So going back to the question Is small beautiful? , my discussion in this paper would say yes. Small is beautiful indeed. Although many literature and management experts would disagree with this conclusion, this paper concludes that small is beautiful. Nooteboom (1994) and Rothwell and Dodgson (1994) as cited by Voosen, find that the relative strengths of large firms are predominantly material. According to Voosen, it is not always easy to separate the effects of market power and firm size, as these two are obviously correlated. But despite the obvious advantage of large organizations over small firms, this paper concludes that small is beautiful. There is beauty in managing small businesses. The beauty of small firms lies in its inherent characteristic of being small. Small allows flexibility, creativity, innovativeness, responsiveness, and efficiency in decision making. Nooteboom (1994) and Rothwell and Dodgson (1994), as cited by Voosen, concluded that in general, the relative strengths of small firms lie in its behavioral characteristics. This definitely reinforces the saying that bigger isn’t really better! REFERENCES Anglund, Sandra M. (2000), Small Business Policy and the American Creed. Westport CT: Praeger. Bannock, Graham (2005), The Economics and management of Small Business: An International perspective. New York: Routledge. Blackburn, Robert A. (2003), Intellectual Property and Innovation management in Small Firms. London: Routledge Blackburn, R. Hart, M. (2001), â€Å"Perception or reality? The effects of Employment Rights on Small Firms† Paper at the 3rd SBS- Kingston university seminar series, Sheffield 6 November. http://business. kingston. ac. uk/research/kbssbs/percrel. pdf (06/03/06) Bolton, J. (1971) Small Firms Report of the Committee of Inquiry on Small Firms. London. Chan, Alvin. Organizational Survival: Adapt to Succeed! http://www. zeromillion. com/business/adapt. html Collins, L. 7 ram M. (2003), â€Å"Managing the Entrepreneurial Firm† Stream 9: Critical Realist Perspectives on Entrepreneurial Organizations and Discourses. June http://www. mngt. waikato. ac. nz/ejrot/cmsconference/2003/proceedings/criticalrealist/collins. pdf (06/03/06) Fletcher, Denise E. (2002), Understanding the Small Family Business. London: Routledge. Klaas, Brian S. et al (2000), â€Å"Managing HR in the small and Medium Enterprise: The Impact of Professional Employer Organizations† in Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice Vol. 25, No. 1. Lewis, Jerre and Renn, Leslie (1992), â€Å"How to Start a Participative Management Program: 10 Easy Steps†. Lewis Renn Associates, 1992. Marlow, S. and Patton D. (1993), â€Å"Research Note-Managing the Employment Relationship in the Smaller Firm: Possibilities for Human Resource Management†, International Small Business Journal, 11 (4) 57-64. Meulenberg M. T. G. Verhees F. J. H. M. (2004), â€Å"Market Orientation, Innovativeness product Innovation, and Performance in Small Firms† in Journal of Small Business Management. Vol. 42, No. 2. Odaka, K. Sawai, M. (1999), Small Firms, Large Concerns: The Development of Small Business in Comparative Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shrader, C. B. et al (1989), â€Å"Strategic and Operational Planning, Uncertainty and Performance in Small Firms† in Journal of Small Business Management. Vol. 27, No 4 Slatter, S. (1992), Gambling on Growth: How to Manage the Small High-tech Firm, John Wiley Sons. Vosen, Robert. â€Å"Combining Large and Small Firm Advantages in Innovation: Theory and Examples. www. ub. rug. nl/eldoc/som/b/98B21/98b21. pdf Wager, Terry H. (1998), â€Å"Determinants of Human Resource Management Practices in Small Firms: Some Evidence from Atlantic Canada† in Journal of Small Business Management. Vol. 36, No. 2.

Sex and Chance: Strange Bedfellows? :: Philosophy Essays

Sex and Chance: Strange Bedfellows? History was sex, French was sex, art was sex, the Bible... everything was sex except biology which was obviously sex but not really sex, not the one that was secret and ecstatic and wicked and a sacrament and all the things it was supposed to be but couldn't be at one and the same time-- I got that in the boiler room and it turned out to be biology after all. (Stoppard, 218) I'll admit it. I'm fascinated by sex. After all, it is the reason that we are all here, isn't it? And not just thanks to our parents: for years and years and years, sex has been the motor driving the evolutionary process. I don't think people give sex enough credit for its role in the evolutionary process. Call evolution "survival of the fittest", call it random chance, call it whatever you want-- in the end, whoever's left alive is just searching for another body in which to find comfort. I have not always been fascinated by sex. An infamous family story records my disgust when I first learned about "the birds and the bees". Apparently, I turned around in the car seat to look at my baby brother: "You mean you did it twice??" Part of my growing fascination has been a result of the evolving story I have been told/am telling myself about sex. In class, Professor Grobstein taught us about "lateral transfer", and Elizabeth dubbed sex "the transfer of genetic material". I don't like to think about sex in purely clinical terms, however. It's not just my status as a "hopeless romantic", it's also my belief that sex is bigger than the box of words it is often put into. Sex is a growing, changing thing that is going through its own evolution. Not that the process itself has changed much; it's human interpretation and response to sex that continues to evolve. Also , if sex is allowed leeway to expand beyond the clinical level, it gains greater implications (not that birth isn't a great implication by any means). As Stoppard puts it: "Einstein- relativity and sex. Chippendale- sex and furniture. Galileo- 'Did the earth move?'" (Stoppard, 90). In this sense, everything we do is linked inextricably to sex. (Upon writing this previous sentence, I realized that I have picked a topic which is quite beyond the scope of this paper, and would require many many years of research.

Expressive Art Essay

â€Å"The Last Supper† found on page 101 is Leonardo da Vinci’s masterpiece created using tempera on pitch, gesso and mastic as medium. The subject matter of the painting, as the title suggests, is the last meal of Jesus Christ together with his twelve apostles. â€Å"The Last Supper†, strikes its audience with an instant depiction of the momentous scene where (through John) Jesus states, â€Å"Truly, truly, I say to you, one of you will betray me†. The last supper or the meal is characterized by the presence of leavened bread, fish, herb and wine. In addition to this, there are twelve glasses and several plates present; all made from metal that untypically portray the supper of conservative Jews. All the items found in the table or supper are nonobjective arts; they do not represent any other objects. â€Å"The Last Supper† presents a pyramidal composition, where an impression of stability is presented to the audience. Twelve models representing the twelve apostles are divided into groups of three, each having distinct expressive characteristics. Bartholomew, James (the younger) and Andrew, found on the left side of the table, shows expressions of fear or horrification. Andrew provides the most expressive reaction as he holds his hands up, as if expressing a gesture of â€Å"let’s calm down†. Judas, Peter and John form the next group, where Judas’ face is in shadow while cunningly holding a small bag which represents money or his betrayal. Furthermore, both Judas and Jesus reached for bread at the same time. On the other hand, Peter clutches a knife which is pointed away from the back of Judas while his other hand is placed on John’s shoulder. It seems like Peter is asking John, who in return leans towards him, â€Å"Who does he say it is? † In â€Å"The Last Supper†, John is represented by an effeminate model or character due to his modest nature. Christ on the other hand, who is the only calm individual in the scene, is located on the center, serving as the center of balance between the groups of apostles who are in turmoil. Three windows are behind him, where the biggest is placed directly behind him, which may represent a halo. Four doors with varied sizes are placed on each side which gives an impression of space or point of view. Thomas, James (brother of Jesus) and Philip are seen next to Jesus. Thomas who is pointing upward seems to doubt the announcement of Jesus. His other hand is placed on the table between the two apostles as if looking for solid evidence. James and Philip are stunned. James is observed to be looking at the left of hand of Jesus while Philip looked like asking, â€Å"Is it me? † Matthew, Thaddeus and Simon, the last group, all looked surprised or startled. Matthew and Thaddeus seem to be asking Simon about the announcement, who in return answers with his hands showing a gesture of â€Å"I don’t know†. Contrary to Leonardo da Vinci’s â€Å"The Last Supper† is Rembrandt’s â€Å"Three Crosses† created using drypoint and burin technique which can be found in page 78. Due to the technique used by Rembrandt (with an emphasis on using lines), the print is black and white. By engaging on the colors used, a feeling or atmosphere of stark and harsh can be felt. This is an effective method especially since the subject matter is the dramatic death of Jesus Christ on the cross at Golgotha. Moreover, it is the narrative representation of â€Å"darkness covered the earth†, an account of the Crucifixion made by St. Luke. The colors or technique emphasizes on the representation of violence, sadness and hope during the said event. Black represents the dark, evil, lack of wisdom or ignorance. Black served as the background, as if representing how darkness covered the earth. On the other hand, white represents light, the sacrifice of Jesus to save mankind or removal of darkness through Christ. The lines provide emphasis to the light which shined on Jesus Christ and the two murders. Moreover, the light seems to be descending from the heavens or from one light source because of the lines. On the contrary, â€Å"The Last Supper† and â€Å"Three Crosses† are similar, in the sense that both shows confusion among the crowd or apostles and Jesus Christ is the center or cause. Reference â€Å"Art as an Expression†. (2008) Retrieved June 1, 2008.

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